The IRS has announced guidance on the federal tax status of refunds of state or local taxes, and certain other payments by state or local governments to individuals. Earlier this year, the IRS provided guidance on state payments made in 2022 in news release IR-2023-23, where the IRS exempted 21 state rebates from tax—including California’s middle tax refunds. The IRS gave more guidance now.
In 2022, many states implemented programs to provide payments to certain individuals residing in their states. Many programs were related to the pandemic, and the programs varied in terms of the types of payments, payment amounts and eligibility criteria. IR-2023-23 addressed the federal tax treatment of these 2022 payments.
Notice 2023-56 describes certain types of state payments to individuals and the federal tax treatment of those payments. The IRS is updating the previous guidance, which only described the taxability of payments made during 2022.
Most taxpayers receiving state tax refunds do not have to include the state tax refund in income for federal tax purposes. As a general rule, taxpayers who choose the standard deduction on their federal income tax returns do not owe federal income tax on state tax refunds. The vast majority of taxpayers claim the standard deduction, in fact, 90% of individuals claimed the standard deduction in 2021.
Taxpayers who itemize their deductions on their federal income tax returns and receive a state tax refund must include the refund in income only if they deducted the state tax paid. Because of the $10,000 limit on itemized deductions for state income and property taxes, some itemizers are not able to deduct all of the state taxes they paid and do not need to include a refund in income.
Spillover payments under 2022 programs covered by IRS News Release IR-2023-23. Some of the 2022 programs included in IRS News Release IR-2023-23 provided for certain state payments under the program to be made in early 2023. To the extent that the news release provided that taxpayers can exclude the state payment received in 2022 from federal income, this treatment also applies in 2023. This means taxpayers who did not get a payment under the program during 2022 may exclude from federal income a state payment provided under the 2022 program but actually received in 2023.
State general welfare programs. Payments made by states under legislatively provided social benefit programs for the promotion of the general welfare are not included as income on an individual recipient’s federal income tax return. To qualify for the general welfare exclusion, state payments must be paid from a governmental fund, be for the promotion of general welfare (that is, based on the need of the individual or family receiving such payments), and not represent compensation for services. Determining whether payments qualify for this exclusion is a complex, fact-intensive inquiry that depends on a number of considerations. Notice 2023-56 provides an example of a general welfare situation.