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To Roth or not to Roth?
That may not be the question as William Shakespeare phrased it. But it is the question you should be asking yourself when saving retirement money in an individual retirement account.
New research from TD Ameritrade finds that many individuals are confused when it comes to Roth IRAs — accounts that are funded with post-tax money.
Consequently, many people are leaving cash on the table when it comes to mazimizing this savings strategy.
“Roth IRAs, Roth conversions, are sometimes seen as really benefiting just wealthy taxpayers,” said Christine Russell, senior manager of retirement and annuities at TD Ameritrade. “In fact, Roth has benefits for many different taxpayers and many different tax brackets.”
Here are the biggest things that investors typically do not know about Roth IRAs.
You can contribute to a 401(k) and a Roth IRA
Many workers get their retirement savings education from their employer.
Often, those employer-provided plans are 401(k) plans. And you generally want to contribute enough to that account to get the employer match.
But what many investors — 6 out of 10 — erroneously believe is that you can only contribute to a Roth once you hit your 401(k) maximum, according to TD Ameritrade’s research.
“You can certainly be contributing to both a Roth IRA and a 401(k) at the same time,” Russell said. “You don’t have to reach that 401(k) maximum in order to contribute to a Roth IRA.”
Roth 401(k) and Roth IRA contributions not the same
Many 401(k) plans now offer savers the ability to save post-tax money in their 401(k) plans.
But these savings are separate, which means you can both make Roth 401(k) contributions and save in a Roth IRA at the same time.
The accounts are also subject to different rules. Roth savings options in 401(k) plans are subject to maximum limits for those accounts. In 2020, that will be $19,500, or $26,000 for individuals aged 50 and over.
Meanwhile, Roth IRAs are subject to earnings limits. For many individuals, that is $122,000.
“It probably doesn’t impact as many people as we think, especially those that earn less than that amount,” Russell said.
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Contributions can be made after 70½
Just 22% of individuals surveyed by TD Ameritrade said they know it’s still possible to contribute to a Roth IRA after they reach age 70½.
Russell attributes that misconception to the fact that traditional pre-tax IRAs have prohibited individuals from making contributions after that age.
While that is still true for the 2019 tax year, it will change in 2020.
That’s because a new law, called the SECURE Act, will now let individuals put away retirement savings in all IRA accounts beyond age 70½, provided you have earned income.
There are advantages to saving in a Roth IRA, however, that investors should know about.
With Roth IRAs, the money you contributed can be taken out tax-free, because the money you invested was post-tax in the first place.
When it comes to the earnings on the money you invested in a Roth IRA, there is a five-year rule before you can take that out penalty free (as long as you’re over 59½).
“The five-year rule is not tracked contribution by contribution on a Roth IRA,” Russell said. “It’s when you first open your account.”
That’s why it’s a good idea to open a Roth IRA as soon as possible, even if it’s just with a small amount of money, to get that five-year clock ticking, Russell said.
Roth IRAs can help control Medicare costs
Having more taxable income in retirement can get expensive, even if you’re middle class.
That’s because what you pay for Medicare Part B is based on your taxable income in retirement.
Medicare Part B premiums are particularly tricky, Russell said. That’s because even if you earn just one more dollar, you could have to pay hundreds of dollars more for your premiums as a result.
To help guard against that, you may want to use Roth IRAs to provide tax-free income in retirement.
“The benefit is that it’s not going to increase your Medicare Part B premium,” Russell said.
Roth IRA conversions can mitigate tax bills
Just the term “Roth IRA conversion” alone tends to confuse people, Russell said.
But the strategy can be very valuable in helping savers manage their taxable income in retirement.
A Roth IRA conversion is when you move money from a pre-tax traditional IRA to a post-tax Roth.
This technique enables the after-tax money to grow and eventually become tax-free so that account holders don’t have to pay taxes on it later on, Russell said.
You can do multiple Roth IRA conversions in one year. It’s a good idea to keep in mind what tax bracket you were in last year so that you don’t push yourself into a higher tax bracket with this transaction, Russell said.
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It’s also wise to break up your conversions into pieces. If you want to convert $20,000 this year, for example, you could do it in two days to try to sell on market lows.
You may also want to break your conversions up over a few tax years, Russell said.
One caveat: since the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act was passed, you can no longer reverse those conversions.
“Being a little bit more strategic when doing your conversion is important, because you can’t undo it,” Russell said.
TD Ameritrade’s survey was conducted in August. It included 1,015 adults ages 23 and up who had at least $10,000 in investible assets.